Can You Take Ozempic and Other GLP-1s While Breastfeeding?

Increasing numbers of women are getting pregnant while taking GLP-1 medications like Ozempic®, Wegovy®, and Zepbound®, and the questions are piling up fast. Medical experts advise that these drugs be discontinued during pregnancy, but what about postpartum? 

Only about 6% of people in the US are on Ozempic, and yet one medical helpline reported that calls about using semaglutide during lactation jumped more than 500% in just three years.^[1] 

Mothers are counting the days until they feel like themselves again and desperate for answers. But the science is far more nuanced than the headlines suggest.

Key Takeaways

• Most doctors advise against using GLP-1 medications while breastfeeding due to limited human safety data.
• Small studies show very low or undetectable levels of injectable semaglutide and tirzepatide in breast milk.
• Animal studies showing growth effects in offspring are a major reason current guidance remains conservative.
• The FDA and drug manufacturers recommend caution or avoiding all GLP-1 medications while breastfeeding as a safety-first approach, not because harm has been proven.

Understanding Breastfeeding Drug Safety

Before getting into how GLP-1 medications behave in breast milk, it helps to understand why these questions are coming up more often.

GLP-1 medications can increase the likelihood of pregnancy, since managing weight is a potential factor in fertility, though the exact effect on fertility has not been quantified.^[2] Some patients discover too late that slowed digestion from GLP-1s can make oral birth control less effective, while others may be prescribed GLP-1 medications by their fertility doctors. When pregnancy happens, medication safety questions come up quickly, starting with how drugs move through the body and into breast milk.

How Medications Move Into Breast Milk

Things like molecular size, protein binding, and how long a medication stays in circulation all affect whether it reaches milk at all. Molecular size works like a doorway. Large molecules have a harder time moving from blood into breast milk, while smaller ones pass more easily.

Half-life is how long it takes for a medication to drop to half its amount in the body. Medications with longer half-lives stay in the bloodstream longer, which means more time for small amounts to move into breast milk.

Even tiny amounts can add up when the exposure lasts longer.

Oral Bioavailability and Infant Exposure

When medication does make its way into breast milk, it doesn’t automatically enter the baby. Oral bioavailability is just a fancy way of asking whether the drug survives the baby’s stomach and reaches their bloodstream.

Many peptide-based medications get broken down by stomach acid, kind of like how food does, so they may never make it into the baby’s body in any real amount.

Injectable GLP-1s and Breast Milk

Many injectable GLP-1 medications are large peptide molecules, which naturally limits how much can pass into breast milk. Studies in breastfeeding women have shown that tirzepatide isn’t transferred into human breast milk in meaningful amounts.^[3]

Many GLP-1s have fatty acid chains that bind to albumin, a protein in the blood. This slows how fast the drug breaks down and keeps it in the body longer. For example, semaglutide has a long half-life, about one week.^[4] 

To clear about 95% of a drug, it usually takes around five half-lives. While the medication is still circulating, small amounts can enter breast milk, even if it’s injectable.

Ozempic and Breastfeeding: What the Evidence Says

Postpartum use of GLP-1 medications is climbing, and nearly 2% of new mothers were using them by mid-2025.^[5] As more women look to these drugs for weight management after pregnancy, the need for better research grows impossible to ignore.

FDA and Manufacturer Guidance

The FDA and drug manufacturers generally do not recommend using GLP-1 medications while breastfeeding due to limited human safety data, not because harm has been demonstrated.

This guidance applies to all GLP-1 medications, including semaglutide and tirzepatide, regardless of brand name.^[6]

If a medication is continued, providers usually recommend monitoring infant growth and feeding, and sticking only with injectable GLP-1s. Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus®) contains an absorption enhancer called SNAC that may pass into breast milk. However, the effects of SNAC in infants who are breastfeeding is unclear.

What Studies Exist and What’s Missing

We might have little info but a small number of recent studies that looked directly at breast milk are promising:

• Semaglutide milk study: One small study measured breast milk from eight breastfeeding women using injectable semaglutide and found no detectable drug levels.^[1]
• Tirzepatide milk study: Another small study measured milk from five individuals using injectable tirzepatide, revealing levels generally below detection.^[3]

While these early studies are reassuring, they are small and short-term, which is why doctors remain cautious.

Animal Studies

Most of what we know about GLP-1s and breast milk still comes from animal studies, since large human studies are not available yet. These trials allowed researchers to directly measure how much of different GLP-1 medications passed into milk.

Across studies in rats and mice:

• Liraglutide and semaglutide: Measurable levels were found in milk.
• Lixisenatide and exenatide: Much lower transfer into milk was observed.
• Ongoing exposure: When GLP-1s were used during late pregnancy or breastfeeding, reduced weight gain and slower growth were consistently observed in offspring.

These findings are a big reason current warnings still exist, even though early human data looks more reassuring.

Researchers also believe many of the adverse effects observed in animal studies may not all be due to direct drug toxicity; other explanations may account for these data:

• Maternal undernutrition: GLP-1s suppress appetite. In animals, reduced food intake and weight loss were closely linked to growth and bone development issues.
• Placental and yolk sac differences: Some skeletal findings in rats may be tied to nutrient transfer systems that are different from those in humans.
• Not all GLP-1s behaved the same: One study of exendin-4 (exenatide) in mice found no drop in birth weight and even showed increased early growth, highlighting how inconsistent animal results can be.^[7]

Think of animal data as a warning light, not a verdict. Even when early human milk studies look reassuring, clinicians cannot ignore consistent animal signals until stronger human data confirms safety.

Potential Risks for Breastfed Infants

Because human data are still limited, infant risk is hard to fully define. While drug chemistry suggests low exposure, uncertainty remains.

Key considerations include:

• Possible GI effects: Exposure could potentially affect appetite or cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms, like diarrhea, though this has not been confirmed in large clinical trials.^[1]
• Animal study findings: In animals, GLP-1s transferred into milk were linked to reduced growth, but this has not been shown in human infants.^[8]
• Unknown long-term effects: Questions remain about potential impacts on metabolism or pancreatic development in infants who are nursing.^[9]
• Indirect risks: Appetite suppression in the mother could lead to inadequate nutrition, which may affect the milk supply and the intake of the infant.^[10]

“It is important to consider that use of semaglutide among lactating individuals can increase the risk of excessive weight loss, resulting in insufficient nutrient intake and a drop in milk production from insufficient calories.” – Anne Eglash, MD, IBCLC, FABM

Injectable GLP-1s are large molecules with very low oral absorption, which likely limits infant exposure, but doctors are not taking risks.

Are Any GLP-1 Medications Safe While Breastfeeding?

Even though early breast milk studies are reassuring for injectable semaglutide and tirzepatide, there is not enough evidence to confidently say one GLP-1 is safer than another.

Currently, no GLP-1 medication is considered safe to use while breastfeeding. This guidance applies to the entire class, including Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro®, and Zepbound. There are no newer or “different” GLP-1 medications that are considered safe during lactation.

Switching brands, microdosing, or using compounded versions does not change existing guidance, since the same active drugs and appetite-suppressing effects are involved.

Even small reductions in appetite can make it harder to meet the higher calorie and nutrient needs required for breastfeeding and postpartum recovery.

Why Doctors Typically Advise Against GLP-1s During Breastfeeding

Recovery needs are a major reason doctors tend to be especially cautious during lactation. While providers understand how challenging postpartum weight and metabolic changes can be, they often prioritize healing and adequate nutrition during this period.

Because breastfeeding places significant demands on the body and long-term infant safety data is limited, most clinicians recommend waiting until after weaning before considering GLP-1 medications.

In some cases, doctors may prescribe Ozempic or other GLP-1 medications during the postpartum period, but they are often not recommended until after weaning or, for non-breastfeeding parents, until about 6 to 12 weeks postpartum.

In most cases, the decision should be made together with a healthcare provider after weighing recovery, nutrition needs, and individual health goals.

New Studies on GLP-1 and Breast Milk

The table below summarizes human studies measuring GLP-1s in breast milk:

Drug	Formulation	Sample size	Key findings	Estimated infant exposure	Infant outcomes	Publication status
Semaglutide	Injectable (subcutaneous)	8 lactating women	Not detectable in breast milk (LLOQ 5.7 ng/mL)	<1.26%	Normal growth and development during short follow-up; one transient GI report without growth impact	Published (Diab et al., 2024, Nutrients)
Tirzepatide	Injectable	5 lactating women	Below quantification in all milk samples (LLOQ 2.4 ng/mL)	<0.05%	No observed adverse effects reported	Preprint (Thompson et al., 2025)
Semaglutide	Oral (Rybelsus)	14 lactating women	Milk concentration and SNAC exposure measured	Not reported	Not assessed	Unpublished clinical trial data
Tirzepatide	Injectable	11 lactating women	Single-dose milk concentration data	Not reported	Not assessed	Unpublished clinical trial data

Only two small human milk studies have been published so far, while Phase 1 trial data remain unpublished, which helps explain why clinicians stay cautious when animal data outweighs human evidence. And medication transfer is not the only concern.

Appetite suppression and overall nutrition matter, too, because breastfeeding diet and intake affect milk supply, infant growth, and postpartum recovery.

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How to Lose Weight While Breastfeeding: Safer Alternatives

Postpartum weight gain can feel especially frustrating after being on a GLP-1. It can be hard to imagine weight loss without that support.

But there are safer approaches that can help during this stage:

• Nourish first. Focus on eating enough and choosing balanced meals that support energy, recovery, and milk production rather than restriction.
• Build gentle, sustainable habits. Support progress through regular meals, light movement, rest when possible, and stress management without pushing your body too hard.
• Avoid counterproductive approaches. Steer clear of extreme dieting, skipping meals, and processed “diet” foods that can drain energy or interfere with breastfeeding.
• Seek individualized medical guidance. Check in with a healthcare provider before making significant changes, since weight changes during breastfeeding vary widely and can affect milk supply.

Understanding why weight loss feels different during breastfeeding helps explain why quick fixes are so tempting and why safer alternatives are essential.

Breastfeeding, Weight Loss, and Overall Maternal Health

Losing weight while breastfeeding is complicated because your body is doing everything at once. You are dealing with the standard hormone imbalance after pregnancy, healing from birth, and running a 24/7 milk factory that needs an extra 300 to 500 calories a day to function.

Several factors help explain why weight loss feels harder when breastfeeding:

• The energy demands of lactation: Milk production requires substantial energy and nutrients, which changes how the body manages weight.
• Postpartum hormone shifts: Hormonal changes after pregnancy influence appetite, fat storage, and metabolism, making weight loss less predictable.
• The impact of rapid weight loss on milk supply: Aggressive weight loss strategies may interfere with milk production and postpartum recovery.
• The appeal of quick fixes: Frustration with postpartum weight changes often makes appetite-suppressing solutions feel tempting.
• The mismatch between GLP-1 medications and breastfeeding physiology: Strong appetite suppression conflicts with the energy and nutrient needs of lactation, which can stall weight loss and leave you feeling depleted.

Because nutrition plays such a big role in milk production and recovery, it helps to understand how a breastfeeding diet can influence breast milk itself.

Breastfeeding Diet and How It Affects Breast Milk

Rather than restrictive dieting, the most effective breastfeeding diet focuses on nutrient density and sustainability.

Breastfeeding Diet Guide: What Matters Most

It can be hard to know what to eat after giving birth. Suddenly you’re not just feeding yourself anymore, and feeding a baby can feel like filling two tanks at once.

It helps to follow basic guidelines:

Macro- and Micronutrients

Forget arbitrary rules. What actually matters is getting the right building blocks so your body can make milk and keep you energized.

Macro- and micronutrients are two nonnegotiables when it comes to supporting milk production and energy:

• Macros are the big players. Protein supports tissue repair and milk production, carbs keep energy steady, and fats, especially omega-3s, support mood and brain health.
• Micros are tiny but mighty helpers, such as iron, calcium, B vitamins, vitamin D, and zinc, that keep your metabolism, hormones, immune system, and milk production humming.

Priority does not demand perfection. It is purposeful nutrition that gives your body the fuel it is begging for without extra stress.

Hydration vs Calorie Myths

Forget the myths that say you need to chug water nonstop or track calories to protect milk supply. You do not.

Hydration is essential because your body cannot produce milk without adequate fluids, but there is no need to force a daily quota. Keeping drinks nearby and including water-rich foods like fruit, soups, and smoothies is usually enough.

Calories play a role, but nutrition quality carries more weight.

A balanced diet built around lean protein, whole grains, and plenty of fruits and vegetables provides the nutrients your body needs to support energy, metabolism, and overall health during breastfeeding.

Sustainability Over Restriction

Cutting foods or micromanaging every bite is rarely sustainable when you are tired and busy and your body is actively fighting you to do the opposite and provide for two people.

Go easy on yourself and focus on sustainability over restriction. Add nourishing foods, eat real meals most of the time, and stay flexible. You do not have to be perfect to be effective.

How a Mother’s Diet Affects Breast Milk

During breastfeeding, your body is remarkably efficient, designed to protect your baby’s nutrition first, even if your intake falls short.

Nutrients That Change Breast Milk Composition

What you eat can influence some components of breast milk:

• Fats: The types of fats you eat show up in your milk. Omega-3s from fish, nuts, and seeds help support your baby’s brain and eye development.
• Vitamins: Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K, along with water-soluble vitamins, can rise or fall depending on your intake.
• Bioactive compounds: Antioxidants, beneficial bacteria, and other immune-supporting components are influenced by overall diet quality.^[11]

Breast milk functions like a carefully regulated recipe: The foundation remains consistent, but higher-quality inputs refine the final result.

Nutrients That Remain Consistent in Breast Milk Composition

Some parts of breast milk are required to meet a baby’s core nutritional needs and do not change:

• Protein: supports growth and tissue development
• Carbohydrates: provide energy for growth
• Key minerals, such as calcium: support bone development

Even if your diet is not perfect, your body often keeps the foundation of the milk stable to meet your baby’s needs. To do this, it may pull from your own nutrient reserves, which protects milk quality for your baby but can be harder on you if intake stays low.

Why Extreme Dieting Is Discouraged

When your body is prioritizing your baby, severe calorie restriction puts stress on a system already doing a lot of heavy lifting.

Extreme dieting can have several unintended effects:

• Less energy available for milk production
• Disruption in the balance of nutrients and bioactive components in milk
• Increased risk of exhaustion, nutrient depletion, and slower postpartum recovery for you

Extremely low caloric intake can affect milk supply, milk quality, and maternal health. This is why it’s important to be aware of the nutrients found in breast milk itself, not just focusing on personal calorie intake.

Nutrients Found in Breast Milk

Breast milk is a dynamic living fluid that adapts naturally to meet your baby’s changing requirements.

Core Nutrients

Breast milk provides a carefully balanced mix of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds that support infant growth and development:

• Proteins: Whey and casein proteins are easy to digest and support growth, brain development, and immune function.
• Fats: Fats supply energy and support brain and nervous system development, including essential fatty acids like DHA and naturally occurring cholesterol.
• Carbohydrates: Lactose supports brain development and mineral absorption, while oligosaccharides act as prebiotics that support gut and immune health.
• Vitamins and minerals: Breast milk provides vitamins A, E, and K and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc. Breast milk contains relatively low levels of vitamin D, which is why the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants.^[12]
• Immune components: Antibodies, white blood cells, and protective enzymes help defend against infections and support immune development.
• Hormones and enzymes: Naturally occurring hormones and enzymes support digestion, metabolism, and appetite regulation, including GLP-1, involved in satiety signaling.

Why Breast Milk Adapts Naturally

Breast milk is not a fixed recipe. It changes based on your baby’s physiological needs as it grows—and even during each feeding.^[13]

At the start of a feeding, foremilk is lighter and more hydrating. As the feeding goes on, hindmilk becomes richer in fat and calories, which helps babies feel full and satisfied.

Over weeks and months, breast milk continues to evolve, with changes in fat content, hormones, and immune factors that support growth, brain development, and a strengthening immune system as babies mature.

Why Supplementation Is Not the Same as Medication

Medications actively change how the body functions and processes energy, which is why they require much more caution during breastfeeding.

Postnatal vitamins and nutrient supplements, on the other hand, are commonly recommended to help support a breastfeeding parent’s health and fill nutritional gaps, backing up the diet and supporting milk quality rather than treating medical or metabolic conditions.^[14]

Benefits of Breastfeeding for Babies and Mothers

Breastfeeding provides nutrition that supports infant growth, with a balance of proteins, fats, and micronutrients that adjust over time based on a baby’s needs.

Immune Developmental and Disease Prevention

Breast milk contains antibodies and other compounds that help protect babies from common infections, like ear and respiratory illnesses.

Research also links breastfeeding to benefits in a baby’s cognitive development and a lower risk of certain health conditions later in life, including childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes, asthma, and heart disease.

Maternal Metabolic and Hormonal Health

For mothers, breastfeeding can support postpartum recovery by helping the uterus contract and reducing bleeding.^[15] Over time, it has also been associated with a lower risk of breast and ovarian cancers as well as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

These benefits are supported in part by hormonal changes during breastfeeding, including the release of oxytocin, which plays a role in stress regulation, bonding, and recovery.

Because of these ongoing physiological demands, continuing prenatal vitamins when recommended can be an important part of supporting maternal health during the breastfeeding period.

Why Preserving Breastfeeding Often Outweighs Elective Medication Use

Breastfeeding is linked to several well-established health benefits for both babies and mothers. Because these benefits build over time, and because early postpartum recovery is still a sensitive period, providers may lean toward preserving breastfeeding when a medication is elective or not medically urgent, especially if safety data during lactation is limited.

Breastfeeding offers meaningful benefits, but it is not the right or realistic option for everyone, and many mothers face real challenges along the way.

Common Breastfeeding Challenges

Breastfeeding has some amazing benefits, but it can also be physically and emotionally exhausting with common challenges:

Supply Concerns

Many mothers worry about milk supply, especially in those early weeks when everything feels new. Latch struggles, soreness, and constantly questioning yourself—”Is my baby getting enough?”—are incredibly common and can feel overwhelming at first.

Fatigue and Postpartum Recovery

Breastfeeding often involves frequent, around-the-clock feeding that can seriously disrupt sleep.

Combined with physical recovery from pregnancy and birth, this can lead to deep exhaustion. Fatigue is one of the most common challenges breastfeeding parents face and can affect both physical healing and emotional well-being.^[16]

Emotional Stress and Hormonal Changes

After birth, hormone shifts can make emotions feel intense and unpredictable. Add breastfeeding challenges into the mix and many mothers feel a lot of pressure to do everything “right,” which can take an emotional toll.

Breastfeeding Twins

Breastfeeding twins places significantly higher demands on the body. Feeding more than one baby means needing extra calories, fluids, and rest, and that can add up fast. Without adequate nutrition and support, the physical toll can feel especially heavy.

Preparing a Breastfed Baby for Childcare or Returning to Work

Returning to work comes with a whole new set of challenges, from figuring out pumping schedules to managing milk storage and feeding transitions. It is also emotionally hard for many parents to leave their baby for the first time.

This stage often brings fresh stress around supply, time, and body changes, and it can stir up anxiety about weight or feeling in control again.

Breastfeeding and Infant Allergies or Intolerances

Babies are sensitive little creatures and can react to proteins that pass through breast milk, but true allergies and intolerances are not the same thing.

• Food allergies involve the immune system and can show up as symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as a skin rash, trouble breathing, rapid pulse, and vomiting. They are less common but more serious.^[17]
• Food intolerances are related to digestion, not the immune system, and usually look like gas, fussiness, or loose stools. These are more common and typically milder.
• Elimination diets can help identify triggers when the breastfeeding parent removes one suspected food at a time for a short period, but overly restrictive diets can affect the parent’s nutrition and may interfere with milk production, making professional guidance important.^[17]

Always consult a pediatrician, allergist, or registered dietitian before making dietary changes to avoid unnecessary restriction while supporting both infant comfort and maternal nutrition.

The good news is that breastfeeding challenges, such as feeding concerns, emotional strain, and fatigue, are extremely common. Because so many families experience these issues, established clinical and community support systems are widely available. With the right help, the process often feels far less overwhelming.

Breastfeeding Support Systems and Why They Matter

Breastfeeding is not just about individual effort. Community support plays a major role in mental health and long-term breastfeeding success.

Several social support systems can help:

• The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and its 10 Steps help hospitals support breastfeeding from the first hours after birth.
• Breastfeeding-friendly childcare programs support pumping, safe milk storage, and flexible feeding schedules.
• Breastfeeding-friendly workplaces provide protected pumping time and dedicated lactation spaces.
• Community and lactation support services, including IBCLCs and peer groups, reduce stress and help resolve feeding challenges.

You are not alone. Many resources are designed to support new and lactating mothers with breastfeeding.

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Summary

GLP-1 medications are generally not recommended during breastfeeding because long-term human safety data is limited. Breastfeeding places increased nutritional and energy demands on the body, which can be complicated by the appetite-suppressing effects of GLP-1 medications.

Important factors to consider:

• Higher calorie and nutrient needs during breastfeeding
• Potential difficulty eating enough due to reduced appetite
• Limited safety data on infant exposure through breast milk
• Possible effects on maternal nutrition and milk production

Breastfeeding requires additional calories and nutrients to support milk production and infant growth. GLP-1 medications can significantly reduce appetite and overall intake, making it harder to meet these demands. Inadequate nutrition during lactation may reduce your milk supply or limit its nutrient content, as well as affecting maternal recovery and energy levels.

While some mothers are able to maintain adequate nutrition while using GLP-1 medications, the high-energy demands of breastfeeding create unique challenges that require careful consideration and medical supervision.

Decisions about using GLP-1 medications while breastfeeding should be made through shared decision-making with a healthcare provider and account for your health history, recovery needs, feeding goals, and nutritional status. A clear plan for monitoring both maternal nutrition and infant growth is essential.

FAQs

Sources

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2. Cleveland Clinic. (2025, March 10). ‘Ozempic babies’: How GLP-1 agonists affect fertility. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/ozempic-babies
3. Thompson, J., Diab, H., Datta, P., & Krutsch, K. Tirzepatide (Zepbound) in human milk during periods of maternal dosing [Manuscript in preparation]. Texas Tech University. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5387250
4. Hall, S., Isaacs, D., & Clements, J. N. (2018). Pharmacokinetics and clinical implications of semaglutide: A new glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 57(12), 1529–1538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-018-0668-z
5. Rabin, R. C. (2025, November 25). Postpartum prescription of GLP-1 drugs has increased sharply, study finds. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/25/health/postpartum-glp1-prescription-increase-study.html
6. Kommu, S., & Whitfield, P. (2025). Semaglutide. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
7. Graham, D. L., Madkour, H. S., Noble, B. L., Schatschneider, C., & Stanwood, G. D. (2021). Long-term functional alterations following prenatal GLP-1R activation. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 87, 106984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106984
8. Muller, D. R., Stenvers, D. J., Malekzadeh, A., Holleman, F., Painter, R. C., & Siegelaar, S. E. (2023). Effects of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation on offspring outcomes: A systematic review of the evidence. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1215356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1215356
9. Northside Hospital. (2025, August 22). Are GLP-1s safe for postpartum? https://www.northside.com/about/news-center/article-details/are-glp1s-safe-for-postpartum
10. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation. (1991). Nutrition during lactation. National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235593/
11. Carretero-Krug, A., Montero-Bravo, A., Morais-Moreno, C., Puga, A. M., Samaniego-Vaesken, M. D. L., Partearroyo, T., & Varela-Moreiras, G. (2024). Nutritional status of breastfeeding mothers and impact of diet and dietary supplementation: A narrative review. Nutrients, 16(2), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020301
12. Heo, J. S., Ahn, Y. M., Kim, A. R. E., & Shin, S. M. (2021). Breastfeeding and vitamin D. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 65(9), 418. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34902960/
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16. Kawashima, A., Detsuka, N., & Yano, R. (2022). Sleep deprivation and fatigue in early postpartum and their association with postpartum depression in primiparas intending to establish breastfeeding. Journal of Rural Medicine, 17(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.2185/jrm.2021-027
17. Rajani, P. S., Martin, H., Groetch, M., & Järvinen, K. M. (2020). Presentation and management of food allergy in breastfed infants and risks of maternal elimination diets. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(1), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.007