Recently, GLP-1 medications have gained wider attention for their clinically proven role in supporting weight loss, even among non-diabetic users. But what exactly are GLP-1 medications?
This article will explain how GLP-1 medications work, outline the most commonly prescribed options, and discuss their benefits and side effects.
What Are GLP-1 Medications?
GLP-1 medications are a type of drug known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, originally developed to treat type 2 diabetes. They work by mimicking a natural hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, slow digestion, and reduce appetite.
This combination not only improves glucose control but also supports steady, sustainable weight loss, making these medications useful beyond diabetes management.
As clinical trials showed impressive weight loss results, GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro quickly gained mainstream attention. They’re now being prescribed to people with obesity or those struggling with weight-related health issues, even without a diabetes diagnosis.
With medical guidance, these medications offer a structured, evidence-based tool for people looking to manage their health in a more targeted, long-term way.
Common GLP-1 Medications and What They’re For
There isn’t just one GLP-1 medication on the market, there’s a lineup, and each has its own strengths, uses, and ideal match depending on your health goals. Some are designed strictly for blood sugar control, while others are approved for weight loss or show promise in managing heart and kidney health. To help you make sense of what’s out there, here’s a closer look at the most commonly prescribed GLP-1 medications and what each one brings to the table.
Ozempic® (Semaglutide Injection)
Ozempic is a once-weekly injectable used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes. It mimics the GLP-1 hormone to improve insulin production, reduce glucose release, and slow digestion, helping lower blood sugar levels more effectively. While not officially approved for weight loss, many patients experience significant appetite suppression and weight reduction as a secondary effect.
It’s most commonly prescribed to adults with type 2 diabetes who need better glycemic control, especially those with additional cardiovascular risks. Clinical studies suggest that Ozempic may help reduce the chance of heart attack or stroke. It’s not suitable for people with type 1 diabetes or those with a personal or family history of certain thyroid cancers.
Rybelsus® (Semaglutide Tablets)
Rybelsus is the first oral version of semaglutide and offers an alternative for people who prefer pills over injections. Taken once daily, it helps manage blood sugar by improving insulin response and slowing digestion. While it’s generally less effective for weight loss than injectable GLP-1 drugs, users often report moderate reductions in body weight over time.
Rybelsus is best suited for adults with type 2 diabetes who are looking for a non-injectable option to support their treatment plan. It must be taken on an empty stomach with water and requires careful timing to ensure proper absorption. Though not FDA-approved for weight loss, it supports better overall metabolic health when paired with lifestyle changes.
Wegovy® (Semaglutide Injection)
Wegovy is a higher-dose version of semaglutide and is FDA-approved specifically for long-term weight management. It works by targeting appetite-regulating receptors in the brain, reducing hunger signals and making it easier to feel full on fewer calories. Clinical trials have shown substantial weight loss results in people with obesity or weight-related health conditions.
This medication is ideal for adults with a BMI of 30 or more, or 27 and above with comorbidities like high blood pressure or high cholesterol. It may also offer additional cardiovascular protection in people with obesity. Wegovy should always be used under medical supervision, alongside a structured diet and physical activity plan.
Mounjaro® (Tirzepatide)
Mounjaro is a newer treatment that activates both GLP-1 and GIP receptors, making it a dual agonist with even greater metabolic impact. It enhances insulin production, improves insulin sensitivity, slows digestion, and reduces appetite, all of which help lower blood sugar and promote weight loss. Users have reported some of the most dramatic weight changes seen in this class of medication.
Currently approved for type 2 diabetes, Mounjaro is already being used off-label for weight loss due to its strong results in clinical trials. It may also support cardiovascular health and reduce inflammation in people with metabolic syndrome. It’s typically prescribed for adults who haven’t achieved their goals with traditional diabetes treatments alone.
Trulicity® (Dulaglutide)
Trulicity is a once-weekly injection designed to support blood sugar management in people with type 2 diabetes. It encourages the pancreas to release insulin when glucose levels rise and slows down how quickly the stomach empties after eating. In addition to better glucose control, many users experience mild to moderate weight loss over time.
Trulicity is commonly prescribed at the early or middle stages of diabetes care and is often paired with other medications like metformin. It’s also approved to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. It’s not intended for people using insulin or those seeking weight loss without a diabetes diagnosis.
Byetta® (Exenatide)
Byetta is a short-acting GLP-1 medication taken twice daily before meals. It helps reduce post-meal blood sugar spikes by stimulating insulin release and slowing digestion. While its effects wear off faster than once-weekly options, it can still contribute to modest weight loss and improved glycemic control.
This medication is best suited for adults with type 2 diabetes who need additional support in managing glucose around mealtimes. It’s often prescribed when oral medications are no longer effective. However, Byetta is not recommended for individuals with kidney impairment or those who want a weight loss solution without a diabetes diagnosis.
Bydureon® (Exenatide Extended-Release)
Bydureon is the long-acting version of exenatide, taken once weekly instead of twice daily. It provides consistent blood sugar control by enhancing insulin secretion and slowing down digestion over a longer period. While it doesn’t lead to dramatic weight loss, users can expect gradual improvements when used regularly.
Bydureon is a good fit for adults with type 2 diabetes who prefer fewer injections and want a more consistent approach to glucose control. Like its short-acting counterpart, it’s not recommended for people with severe kidney problems. It’s not approved for weight loss but can offer weight-related benefits when combined with lifestyle adjustments.
Victoza® (Liraglutide)
Victoza is a daily injectable GLP-1 agonist used to improve blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes. It supports insulin release, slows gastric emptying, and curbs appetite, often resulting in moderate weight loss over time. It also holds a special place in treatment for its proven ability to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events.
This medication is recommended for people who need tighter daily control of blood sugar and want added heart protection. It’s not the same as Saxenda, which uses a higher dose of liraglutide and is approved specifically for weight loss. Victoza isn’t suitable for people with type 1 diabetes or those using insulin as part of their routine.
Adlyxin® (Lixisenatide)
Adlyxin is a once-daily injectable used to manage blood sugar, especially after meals. It helps stimulate insulin production and slow digestion to reduce post-meal glucose spikes. While less widely prescribed today, it remains a useful option for certain patients who haven’t responded well to other medications.
Adlyxin is typically added to treatment plans for adults with type 2 diabetes, especially when blood sugar levels remain high after eating. It’s often used alongside metformin or other oral drugs. This medication is not intended for weight loss and may not be appropriate for people with significant gastrointestinal conditions.
How GLP-1 Medications Actually Work in Your Body
GLP-1 medications are modeled after a natural hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which your gut releases after eating. This hormone plays a key role in managing blood sugar, digestion, and appetite. By mimicking GLP-1, these medications help the body function more efficiently, especially in people with type 2 diabetes or weight-related conditions.
Here’s how they support better metabolic control:
- Increase insulin production: They stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin, helping lower blood sugar after meals.
- Reduce glucagon levels: Glucagon raises blood sugar, and GLP-1 medications help keep it in check to prevent excess glucose from entering the bloodstream.
- Slow stomach emptying: This delays digestion, which leads to more stable blood sugar levels and helps control how much food you eat.
- Promote fullness: They trigger satiety signals in the brain, reducing appetite and helping people feel satisfied with smaller portions.
These combined effects support lower A1C levels, weight reduction, and improved overall metabolic health, especially when used alongside lifestyle changes.
How Often You Need to Take GLP-1 Medications
GLP-1 medications come in different forms, and how often you take them depends on the brand and delivery method. Some are once-daily pills or injections, while others are once-weekly injections designed for convenience. The dosing schedule is tailored to the medication’s formulation and how long it stays active in your system.
Here’s a general breakdown:
Daily dosing: Medications like Rybelsus® (oral semaglutide) and Victoza® (liraglutide) are taken once every day, either by mouth or injection.
Weekly dosing: Options like Ozempic®, Wegovy®, Mounjaro®, Trulicity®, and Bydureon® are injected just once a week, usually on the same day.
Sticking to the schedule is key to seeing consistent results. Missing doses can lower the medication’s effectiveness and disrupt your progress with blood sugar or weight management. Always follow your doctor’s instructions to stay on track.
Benefits of GLP-1 Medications
GLP-1 medications offer strong, science-backed support for managing type 2 diabetes and weight-related health issues. They go beyond basic glucose control and are now part of a broader conversation about metabolic health and long-term disease prevention.
Improved blood sugar control: Helps regulate glucose levels and lower A1C in people with type 2 diabetes.
Weight loss support: Reduces appetite and food intake, leading to steady weight loss over time.
Cardiovascular protection: Some GLP-1 drugs help lower the risk of heart attack or stroke.
Convenient dosing: Available in daily or weekly formats, depending on the medication.
Better metabolic balance: Supports insulin sensitivity and helps reduce cravings.
Risks and Complications to Be Aware Of
While GLP-1 medications offer strong benefits, they can also bring certain risks depending on your health status, medical history, or how your body responds to treatment. Some side effects are common and manageable, while others may require you to stop or change medications altogether. Below are some key areas to pay attention to when starting or considering GLP-1 treatment.
Allergic Reactions
Though rare, allergic reactions can happen with GLP-1 medications. Symptoms may include:
- Rash or itching
- Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
- Severe dizziness
- Difficulty breathing
These reactions require immediate medical attention, and the medication should be stopped right away if a true allergy is confirmed.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
GLP-1 medications are not recommended during pregnancy due to limited safety data and possible risks to the baby. Animal studies have shown potential harm, and human studies are still ongoing. If you’re planning to become pregnant, your doctor may advise stopping the medication at least a month in advance.
Breastfeeding while using GLP-1 drugs is also not well studied. Since it’s unclear if the medication passes into breast milk or affects milk production, most healthcare providers recommend avoiding GLP-1s while nursing. Alternative treatments are typically used during this period to avoid potential complications.
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)
GLP-1 medications on their own usually don’t cause hypoglycemia. However, the risk increases if they’re combined with insulin or sulfonylureas. Watch out for signs of low blood sugar, including:
- Shakiness or lightheadedness
- Sweating or chills
- Confusion or irritability
- Fast heartbeat or palpitations
To avoid these symptoms, your provider may reduce the dose of other diabetes meds when starting a GLP-1. Always carry a quick source of glucose if you’re at risk.
Gastrointestinal Problems
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are the most common side effects. They usually appear early and tend to lessen as your body adjusts. Symptoms may include:
- Stomach discomfort or cramping
- Feeling full quickly
- Loose or frequent stools
- Constipation or bloating
These issues can often be managed by eating smaller meals, avoiding fatty foods, and staying hydrated. If symptoms persist, your doctor may adjust your dose or try a different medication.
Pancreatitis and Gallbladder Issues
There’s a small risk of developing pancreatitis, especially in people with a history of it. Symptoms to watch for include:
- Sudden upper stomach pain
- Pain that radiates to the back
- Persistent nausea and vomiting
Gallbladder issues, including gallstones or inflammation, may also occur—especially with rapid weight loss. Signs include:
- Sharp pain in the upper right abdomen
- Fever or chills
- Nausea after eating fatty meals
If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to contact your provider right away.
Final Take: GLP-1 Medications Work For the Right Person
GLP-1 medications have earned their spotlight for good reason. They offer powerful support for managing type 2 diabetes, promoting weight loss, and lowering the risk of serious complications like heart disease.
From weekly injections to daily pills, there’s now a range of options that make these treatments more accessible and adaptable to different lifestyles. Still, these aren’t quick-fix solutions. They require medical supervision, real commitment, and a clear understanding of what they can, and can’t, do for your health.
If you’re thinking about starting GLP-1 treatment, talk with your healthcare provider to weigh your options. Not everyone is a candidate, and the decision should be based on your full health picture, not just a trending topic. When used properly and paired with long-term lifestyle changes, GLP-1s can be a game-changer for the right person.
Frequently Asked Question
Can GLP-1 medications be used alongside other weight loss drugs?
Yes, but it depends on the combination and your health profile. Some weight loss medications may interact or duplicate effects, so it’s important to use them only under medical supervision to avoid side effects or reduced effectiveness.
Do GLP-1 medications affect cholesterol or blood pressure?
Some GLP-1 medications have shown modest improvements in cholesterol and blood pressure levels. These effects are likely linked to weight loss and improved metabolic function, though they’re not the primary purpose of the medication.
Is there a risk of building tolerance to GLP-1 medications?
GLP-1 medications don’t usually cause physical tolerance, but their effectiveness may plateau over time. If weight loss or blood sugar improvements level off, your provider may adjust the dose or recommend combining with other therapies.